Ronald Reagans Domestic and Foreign Affairs Essay

I have decided to write my research paper on the topic of Ronald Reagans Domestic and Foreign Affairs. The reason that I choose this topic was because I have always been personally interested in Ronald Reagans time in office and the national crisis he had to deal with. Reagan was awesome when it came to foreign policy because he knew how to negotiate with foreign leaders and their countries to get what he wanted. There were several instances during his time in office that he had the chance to use his ability to get the country out of danger. Domestic Affairs is another part of Reagans presidency that was very important. He was able to take the country, which seemed to be in an economic slump and turn their economic status around.†¦show more content†¦This economic expansion and boost would occur through citizens who would spend the extra tax money on products and services in their geographical region or who would invest money into businesses in their area. The only pro blem for the government using this theory would be the initial revenues that the government would lose from the tax cuts. In theory the economic growth would eventually increase taxable incomes, this increase in taxable incomes should cause the governmental revenues to grow in the long run. With the idea of Reaganomics in mind President Reagan persuaded Congress to pass the Economic Recovery Tax Act, which is the first major step in his plan. This Tax Act called for a 25 percent tax cut that was implemented over a three-year period (David Mervin, 1990, 133-7). The only problem with this tax cut is the fact that it mainly benefited the upper - income taxpayers and large corporations. The reason that these groups were targeted is because there is more of a chance that they will invest their money in business programs that will promote economic growth. After this tax cut took effect the American people in the lower - income tax brackets were not pleased with the results. They seemed to be faced with an increase in their tax rates even though most of them were in the income categories below the national average. On the other end of the spectrum the people that were in the upper tax brackets were experiencing significant tax cuts. TheShow MoreRelatedLyndon B. W. Brand And Lbj s Written By Robert Dallek988 Words   |  4 Pagesmore about these presidents. However, throughout the reading of the two biographies, I found myself discovering more and more about these men, their personal lives, their accomplishments, and much more I never knew about them. These biographies, Reagan’s written by H. W. Brands and LBJ’s written by Robert Dallek, dive deep into each president’s backgrounds, and into their years in office. Each of these presidents was faced with matters of national and global concern during their presidency, and asRead MoreThe Legacy of Ronald Reagan1004 Words   |  5 PagesRonald Reagan is to this date the oldest serving pre sident, and the effects of his presidency have affected not only the United States of America but most of the world as well. The consensus among historians is that Ronald Reagan left a lasting legacy that was a great one in numerous ways. His Reaganomics improved America’s economy greatly, and secured its future economic prosperity. He also fought communism head on and was able to end it in most parts of the world, but more importantly in SovietRead MoreJimmy Carter And His Foreign Affairs1305 Words   |  6 PagesOn the other extreme is Jimmy Carter, president from 1977 to 1981. Ranked last for both his foreign affairs and his overall presidency, Carter left the Oval Office a very unpopular man. Carter’s sole accolade came from the Camp David Accords of 1978-9. Carter invited Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin and Egyptian prime minister Anwar Sadat to Camp David, the presidential retreat, to work out an agreement. Carter played a major role in the negotiations, m ediating a dispute that resulted in a peaceRead MoreEssay on Ronald Reagans Courage 731 Words   |  3 PagesRonald Reagans Courage What does it take to stand up against politicians? To fight for what you believe in and what you think would benefit the United States of America? It takes courage. Ronald Reagan has that courage, not only did he stay true to his beliefs and ideas, he accomplished them within his presidency. He believed people should be less dependent on their government. Reagan asked citizens to Begin an era of national renewal during his inaugural address. He also declared,Read MoreGeorge Orwell s The Farmer 1844 Words   |  8 Pagesthree-legged chickens.† â€Å"Well, how do they taste?† Now when he asked this, the farmer looked chest fallen and said longingly. â€Å"I don’t know. I haven’t caught one yet.†Ã¢â‚¬  This was only one of the hilarious stories and jokes that Ronald Reagan told during his presidency alone. Ronald Reagan was the 40th president of the United States, who served from 1981 to 1989, and was one of the most widely known presidents. But his fame and popularity did not just come from his jokes, but his early life, his presidencyRead MoreRonald Reag A Beloved American President869 Words   |  4 PagesRonald Reagan was a beloved American president. However, he didn’t represent the prodigious archetype all citizens should follow. Reagan declared that the â€Å"government isn’t the solution to our problem† rather, â€Å"the government is the problem†. He decried that years of new deal-style tax- and- spend programs created a federal government that reminded him of a create who was all appetite at one end with no sense of responsibility on the other. In essence, he argues the government undermined one majorRead MoreRonald Reagan - Psychological Eva l1080 Words   |  5 PagesHe has been called the most significant President of the 20th century. Ronald Reagan’s devotion to the American people and his unwavering commitment to managing both domestic and foreign affairs with sincerity, composure and efficiency provided a beacon of hope in an era that was marked by economic turmoil on the homefront and an impending threat of nuclear war. An analysis of Reagan’s life history, from a psychological standpoint, seeks to reveal the significant factors and influential events thatRead MoreThe President Of The United States1611 Words   |  7 Pageswith the political party’s main candidate where they offer their views on running the country then citizens decide who should be the president of the United States. In 1984, President Ronald Reagan and Walter Mondale participated in their second debate against each other. Four panelists on the topic of defense and foreign policy issues would prompt the two candidates to ce rtain issues of their concern. Some issues in the dispute that were discussed were over the Soviet Union, use of military force, andRead MoreThe Cold War Of The Soviet Union2085 Words   |  9 Pageswould be able to negotiate with them; he had a saying of â€Å"To build up to build down† http://millercenter.org/president/biography/reagan-domestic-affairs. Reagan did not want there to be an arms race, however if there were to be one he was determined not to loose. The CIA confirmed that the Soviet Union’s economy could not support an arms race against the US. In Reagan’s mind, winning the Cold War meant having the Soviet Union cease to exist. In 1981 Reagan saw an opportunity to strike at the SovietRead MoreCompare and Contrast Presidents Essay1003 Words   |  5 Pages Hanson 1 11 February 2013 Professor Lewis DBRG 100 A Franklin D. Roosevelt and Ronald Reagan Like any two people in the world Franklin D. Roosevelt and Ronald Reagan both have their own views about war, women’s rights, gay rights, foreign policy, and many other problems facing our country. These two presidents have greatly impacted our country since they were in office. Roosevelt and Reagan have helped

The Australian Health Care System - 1528 Words

The Australian health care system is a highly functioning and accessible system based on universal principles of access and equity. In this essay I will discuss the historical evolution and current structure of our health system, identifying current health service models of delivery and look at its strengths, weaknesses, policies and health priorities currently in Australia. I will discuss the roles of government and non-government health services in service provision and funding sources of Australian health. We will get a better insight of the role of standards for residential aged care and look into a broad range of professions that consumers may engage with in health service delivery, their roles and functions of each profession. Australia’s white colonisation began as a penal colony, which is where the beginnings of modern nursing and health care commenced. With the white people coming to Australia they introduced many illnesses and diseases into the country and with this we saw outbreaks of smallpox, sexually transmitted diseases, tuberculosis, influenza, measles, scarlet fever and whooping cough. These diseases caused considerable loss of life among indigenous people. In early 1800’s a hospital in Sydney was opened, in this time it was mainly unskilled convict women that were performing as nurses they were often described as being of poor character and drunks. The first trained nurses arrived in Sydney in 1838 they were the five Irish Sisters of Charity. TheShow MoreRelatedThe Australian Health Care System1347 Words   |  6 PagesTHE AUSTRALIAN HEALTH CARE SYSTEM The Australian health care system is a highly functioning and accessible system in the whole world. Our Health System is shaped around many factors including; age, race, health, socioeconomic and cultural backgrounds, health history and location. There are many facets of the Australian Health care System. It doesn’t just include the local doctor; there are many other services that are a part of a larger network. There are many governing bodies that enable the policyRead MoreThe Australian Health Care System Essay1657 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Australian health care system is a highly functioning and accessible system based on universal principles of access and equity†. This essay discusses the history and inception of the Australian Healthcare system, how it is funded through the Government and the public income. How and where healthcare is delivered and its effectiveness, including issues and priorities according to current healthcare policies and national standards. The Indigenous Australian people have practiced traditional â€Å"healthcare†Read MoreMedical Dominance Is A Concept Within The Australian Health Care System1369 Words   |  6 PagesMedical dominance is a concept within the Australian health care system which majorly impacts general practitioners (GPs), through giving them power over the associated economics and business of health services. This is specifically exemplified in their role within the health care system under the Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS), wherein they act as the primary care service providers in Australia. With reference to the private sector, the position of power given to GPs is exemplified through theirRead MoreThe Australian Healthcare System Has Been Evolving Since The Beginning Of The Colonisation Of Australia1596 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The Australian healthcare system has been evolving since the beginning of the colonisation of Australia. Today, Australia has an extremely efficient healthcare system although it still has several issues. The influencing factors, structure, and current issues of the Australian healthcare system will be throughly discussed and explained in this essay. Influencing Factors When Australia was first colonised, health services were considered to be an issue to be dealt with by local governmentsRead MoreThe Population Profile Of Australia1396 Words   |  6 Pagesimpacting changes to how health care in Australia is to be delivered in the near future (Charlesworth, 2015). High rates of obesity, diabetes, heart diseases and poor life style choices such as smoking, alcohol and substance abuse, add to an existing crisis that imposes more pressure on an overworked healthcare system (Willcox, 2014). Future challenges for health industry leaders are to develop strategies, for delivery of inclusive and accessible health care (Council Of Australian Governments, 2016)Read MoreThe Impact Of Racism On The Health Of Indigenous Australians911 Words   |  4 Pageshas been. Racism majorly impacts the health of Indigenous Australians. The impacts reflect on the life expectancy and mental health of the Indigenous Australians who are then racially criticised in our health system. This paper will explore the impacts that racism in Australia has on Indigenous Australians within healthcare, the life expectancy and the mental health. The racism that goes on around Australia has a very serious impact on Indigenous Australians; this impact is the gap in the life expectancyRead MoreOral Health System Of Australia Essay902 Words   |  4 PagesLITERATURE REVIEW 1. 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The definition of health is fluid, ever changing and carries different meanings across individuals, societies and culturesRead MoreThe Australian Healthcare System Case Study1037 Words   |  5 PagesThe Australian healthcare system has been ranked as one of the leading nations in the developed world (Smiley, 2017). Common measures of health is life expectancy and burden of disease, with Australia performing particularly well in overall population health status (OCED, 2015). Health, as developed by the World Health Organisation (WHO) in 1948, is defined as â€Å"a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity,† (Grad, 2002, pg. 984). DespiteRead MoreEssay on Health of People Living in Rural Australia1521 Words   |  7 Pagesisolated and disadvantaged only but also culturally and economically deprived which has great consequences on the health status of the population. The main two factors that have a major eff ect on rural health are socioeconomic status and cultural issues(Beard, Tomaska, Earnest, Summerhayes, Morgan, 2009). People living in rural areas are experiencing highly limited excess to health care facilities either because they are not aware of the disease symptoms as a result of low education level or because

Assesing the Goal of Sports Products, Inc Free Essays

Q d. Does the firm appear to have an effective corporate governance structure? Explain any shortcomings. Ans: They do not have an effective corporate governance structure. We will write a custom essay sample on Assesing the Goal of Sports Products, Inc or any similar topic only for you Order Now The most important shortcoming is the management team who don’t make good decisions for maximizing shareholders’ wealth. They only care for the profit and their bonus related with that. They don’t take any steps to maximize stakeholder’s equity. If this information gets public they might got fired from their job for violating the main goal of a public company â€Å"maximize shareholders wealth† Q e. On the basis of the information provided, what specific recommendations would you offer the firm? Ans: From the information available in the case study, we get a picture that this company has some major problem regarding their top management. We are giving these recommendations to address those issues. 1. Comply with all laws as well as accepted standards of conduct or moral judgment. This will prevent any more environmental hazard caused by dumping waste and its legal and environmental consequence. 2. Establish a corporate ethics policy, to be read and signed by all employees. This will make everyone aware about their specific duties and this will prevent further delinquency by the management. 3. Designing a payment system that ties management team and employees’ salary to share price or a performance based scale. And top management must have a stock based compensation plan which will get rid of the agency problem existing in the company. And buying stocks from the market will create demand for shares thus the stock price may go up for a short session. How to cite Assesing the Goal of Sports Products, Inc, Papers

Logistics Management Operations and Supply Chain

Question: Discuss about the Logistics Management for Operations and Supply Chain. Answer: Introduction Development of proper operational strategies and model adaption in the business operation is associated with the understanding of the issues associated with the existing business operation of one organization. In this article, the primary purpose is associated with developing the skills regarding the proper understanding of the operational theories and models based on the current operations of one manufacturing enterprise. The assessment of the case study of Hawkesbury Cabinets Pty Ltd that associated with custom-build kitchen cabinetry for the Chinese community in that region has provided the details of the issues associated with operation. Discussion Main technical issue in this case study can be highlighted as the lack of cooperation in the operation and financial management (Anon, 2016). The traditional business approach of the organization was associated with the development of the custom made kitchen but the market growth has enabled the company to take the orders of standardized kitchen cabinetry products. Technically, the progression with the standardized cabinetry production has indicated the fact that the company was not prepared for this initiatives. It has been found that the orders form the builders are mainly batch based that contains order of one to five cabinetry development of same specification. It affects the delivery system of the organization and exerts pressure in the operational system. Focussing on the manufacturing unit of the organization it has been found that the unit is limited only in the Mulgrave (Anon, 2016). There are no facility of different production unit for the custom made product and standard cabinetry. It is the basic need of the business production system that different production facility is essential for two different types of product, otherwise it will create problem in production. Thus, it has been found in the case study of Hawkesbury Cabinetry that the custom and standard products are competing with each other in processing time (Bhuiyan, 2016). Technical analysis of the production facility of the organization has indicated the availability of high quality cabinet making equipment to ensure flexibility in the wide range of custom cabinetry processing (Slack, 2015). However, the maintenance of the two different aspects of product development is associated with increasing the pressure on the different sections of the manufacturing unit and the craftsman. As the reputation of the business is mainly associated with the custom made product it is expected that the major priority has been provided towards custom product and it create problem on time delivery of the stan dard products (Bhuiyan, 2016). The general overview of the technical aspects and issues are associated with the corporate strategy and facility mission of the organization. Considering technical efficiency it has been found that the company is facing the operational issues regarding five major aspects such as process, capacity, facilities, integration and infrastructure. It has been found that the automation process is not possible in this company as it solely dependent of craftsmanship and development of the quality product is associated with requirement of enough time (Butler et al., 2012). Decrease in the capacity due to manufacturing unit limitation has raised the pressure on the lead time management of the company (Espinoza Smith, 2015). Facilities are less as based on only one location and extension of the manufacturing unit is not possible in that limited place. Integration is not practiced in the business operation due to the maintenance of the quality. One significant draw back of the section of the manufacturing unit of the company is associated with maintaining a separate place for lathes and other less frequently used machines (Slack, 2015). It is actually blocking the free space that can be used for controlling some separate place for the standard product. As a general manager, Mei Chan has understood the need of incorporating the new builders kitchen line in the business operation of Hawkesbury Cabinetry. However, the progression with the idea has resulted in the creation of issues in the production operation of the company. The major intention behind the incorporation of new line standard cabinetry product is comprised of the sense to ensure better revenue and proper business growth in the market. One major issue regarding the standard product is that it mainly of low volume contract that actually hampers the time of the company. Incorporation of new operations and signing of further contract is dependent on the proper understanding of the productivity and capacity analysis. The new line incorporation highlights the issues regarding the poor operational decision as trend analysis, horizontal analysis, vertical analysis and budgetary analysis has not been performed as per the expectation. In addition, the incorporation of the builders Kitchen line has affected the capital and labour ration of the organization. It is due to rise in the pressure of lead time and shortage in the manufacturing capacity of the firm. The major concern of Hawkesbury Cabinetry is associated with custom made cabinetry for the Chinese community. Parallel adaptation of low volume contracts from the builders resulting in the clogging up of the partially completed standard product work as the primary priority of the company is the custom product. Enhancement in the short notice orders deals from the builders has resulted in the half completed standard cabinetry in various stages of the manufacturing unit divisions that hampers the spacious manufacturing area and rise in working space difficulties. Considering the available literature content it has been expected that without proper management of the business operation and incorporation of new business initiatives is associated with considering the lead time management and inventory management capability (Butler et al., 2012).. If an organization has failed to analyse tease capabilities then several issues can arise in the business operation Capital and labour ratio create problem regarding proper availability of the machinery for production and efficient management of labour hours. Differential operations system of the products results in the scarcity of resources for one operational unit that can create productivity problem (Subramanian Ramanathan, 2012). Depending on the literature findings it can be postulated that the development of the cost efficiency planning is the major concern of any business operation as it ultimately ensures the success of the organization (Schnsleben, 2016). Proper amount of mechanization is necessary for the maintenance of the business economy depends on the demand of the product, flexibility of the product and continuous maintenance of the supply of the product in the market. All these processes are involved with certain amount of cash. Financial structure of the organization regarding the business operation is associated with various developmental aspects of the core business operations (Brown et al., 2013). Time horizon is one of the major parts of this as long time horizon and short term horizon of product supply affects the financial structure in different manner. Apart from that development of the training program, work force size control, resource maintaining, inventory maintenance and improvement o f the product quality are associated with the cost enhancement process of the organization (Fernie Sparks, 2014). Considering the case study of Hawkesbury Cabinetry it has been found that the incorporation of the builders kitchen production move is actually affecting the financial structure of the organization (Motyka Szczeblewska, 2014). As discussed earlier in the article that the new business initiative results in rising some issues in the core business facilities of the organization. Current business initiatives has ensured the growth of the company but as per the calculation of the accountant the profit margin of Hawkesbury Cabinetry is much less though the sale is strong and it is steadily increasing. It is evident that high cost issue is a significant part of the standard builders products. Rise in the cost is due to efficient inventory management. As found in the work of other researchers that the proper inventory management can raise the cost of business financial operation. Rise in raw materials, resources and processed work drives the organization to rent the nearby warehouse that in creases the cost of the organization. Problem in the current layout is also creating a problem for the organization and it clearly indicates an extension in manufacturing unit that will involve more cash (Finkler et al., 2016). Major contributor of the profit for Hawkesbury Cabinetry is custom made cabinets whereas the standard cabinets only contributes to the 40 per cent of the company and contribute only to the 25 per cent of annual revenue. However, this revenue is not of much significant for operations as incorporation of standard process has increased the lead time, space crunch in manufacturing unit and pressure on employees. Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded from the above case study analysis and literature findings that business operational decision can face several problems regarding some decision without consideration of the capability of the business. In case of Hawkesbury Cabinetry it has been found that the major issues of the operational management are associated with technical practice of the organization regarding process, capacity, facilities, integration and infrastructure of the business operation. It is clear from the analysis of the new emergence of the builders kitchen has increased the pressure on the manufacturing unit and the manufacturing process is facing the problem regarding layout function, inventory management and enhancement of the inventory raw material management pressure. In addition, financial structure of the Hawkesbury Cabinetry has also changed due to the standard cabinets as it has increased the cost regarding lead time management, inventory cost and workers cost. Moreover, as th e orders are mainly batch oriented it is also associated with very less profit margin. References (2016). FINANCIAL Management SURVEY, 1(1), 4. Retrieved from https://www.ctohe.org/cccs/pdfs/FinancialManagementSurvey.pdf Bhuiyan, N. (2016). A framework for successful new product development. Journal Of Industrial Engineering And Management, 1(1), 25. Retrieved from https://www.jiem.org/index.php/jiem/article/viewFile/334/240 Brown, S., Bessant, J. R., Lamming, R. (2013).Strategic operations management. Routledge. Butler, M. J., Crundwell, D., Sweeney, M. (2012). Rethinking change: downsizing businesses, changing behaviours and still managing to come out on top.Management Articles of the Year, 22. Espinoza, O. A., Smith, R. (2015). Business Management Practices for Small to Medium Sized Forest Products Firms. Fernie, J., Sparks, L. (2014).Logistics and retail management: emerging issues and new challenges in the retail supply chain. Kogan Page Publishers. Finkler, S. A., Smith, D. L., Calabrese, T. D., Purtell, R. M. (2016).Financial management for public, health, and not-for-profit organizations. CQ Press. Krajewski, Lee J., Larry P. Ritzman, and Manoj K. Malhotra.Operations management: processes and supply chains. New York: Pearson, 2013. Motyka, A., Szczeblewska, M. (2014). Factors Influencing the Development of Family Businesses.Small and medium-sized enterprises in the European Union: development challenges in 2014-2020 perspective, 89. Schnsleben, P., 2016.Integral logistics management: Operations and supply chain management within and across companies. CRC Press. Slack, N. (2015).Operations strategy. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Subramanian, N., Ramanathan, R. (2012). A review of applications of Analytic Hierarchy Process in operations management.International Journal of Production Economics,138(2), 215-241.

The Effect of Terrorism on Human Rights The Clash between the human rights advocates and victims of terrorism

Abstract Over the recent past, the issue of terrorism has raised a major security concern in the world. This has increased the need to have effective counter terrorism measures.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on The Effect of Terrorism on Human Rights: The Clash between the human rights advocates and victims of terrorism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the fight against terrorism has led to controversy between the measures taken by the state counter terrorism committee and the views of human right organizations. In this study, we seek to find out the implication of terrorism on human rights and its impact on global security. The discussion begins with an introduction to the general issue of terrorism and its implication on human rights. The question whether human rights are being violated by counter-terrorism measures will be critically analyzed through out this study. Finally, some attention has b een given to address the counter terrorism measures that are implemented to address the national and international security. In the process, there are human right issues that arise from the investigations, detention, and the prosecution of the terrorism suspects. Introduction and the Problem Statement and research question Over the past decade, the issue of terrorism has been one of the major concerns in many countries. Cases of terror have increased significantly; this is a fact that poses a major challenge to human rights as it raises issues for victims and perpetrators alike. There is therefore a need to have a critical analysis of terrorism and human right issues surrounding the vice. Terrorism can be considered as a vice because it is against the basic human rights. This study seeks to give a detailed analysis on this issue of terrorism and the differing views on how it should be mitigated. Cases of terrorism have increased significantly over the recent past as many innocent pe ople lost their lives. In order to mitigate the terrorism activities, many countries have put strict measures on individuals suspected to be involved in the vice. This raises further issues on the opinion that individuals found to be involved in terrorism have the right to be treated in the right manner as members of the human family (High Commissioner for Human Rights 3).Advertising Looking for dissertation on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The research will have a policy implication. It will provide the policy makers with the necessary information which may play a pivotal role in formulation of the most effective policies. This study will also provide a deep understanding of the issue of terrorism and its implication on human rights. In this case, a major question we need to ask is whether both governments as well as Human Rights organizations have effectively reacted in the right way to terrorism. That is, the approach which does not violate the rights of both the victims and the perpetrators. Human Rights organizations have the responsibility to ensure that the governments and other counter terrorism officials respect the human rights and the law in their fight against terrorism. The human rights organizations also have an important role to play in definition of terrorism at the international level and also participate in proposing the best way in which the issue should be handled (International Council on Human Rights Policy 2011: 10). There is a need for the advocates to have a clear and understandable stand on the issue of terrorism in order to come up with the most effective way to mitigate terrorism. Gani and Mathew (2008: 142) observed that there is a need to have a modern approach towards the war against terrorism. For instance, terrorists have changed their tactics and approaches to execute terror. There is a need to have a more advanced security check in airports and por ts to prevent exchange of dangerous weapons between countries. It is also necessary to have harmonised legal frameworks in order to improve the efficiency while dealing with terror cases that involves cross border issues. As already noted, the issue of terrorism has a critical human rights implication both for the victims and the perpetrators. The measures taken in an effort to mitigate terrorism has raised critical human rights issues.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on The Effect of Terrorism on Human Rights: The Clash between the human rights advocates and victims of terrorism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, new means of controlling the movement of people from one place to another has critical human right issues because some of the means applied are seen to violate their movement rights (Australian Human Rights Commission 2011: par 4). In the contemporary world, the level of technology has significantly increased. Interaction between various parts of the world has also intensified due to increased efficiency in communication. This makes it easier to detect any plans of terror before it is executed. This has presented a major improvement in the war against terror. Meanwhile, several bodies are advocating for use of democratic strategies in the fight against terrorism (Weinberg 2008: 80). This has increased security threats from terrorism both at international and the national levels (Antonio and Sà ¡nchez 2009: 36). It has also raised a concern on violation of basic human rights both through the act and also through the process of mitigating the act itself. For instance, terrorism cases may rise when excessive emphasis is put on democratic strategies in mitigating terror. As earlier mentioned, there are different forms of terrorism which can be identified in this case. One kind of terrorism is religious terrorism. This is a type of terrorism where religious terrorists attack a large number of people whom they refer to as their enemies. Some of the religious terror groups include Hezbollah, Al Qaeda and Hamas. Narcoterrorism is another common kind of terrorism. This is the kind of terrorism which involves drugs. Other kinds of terrorism include the state sponsored terrorism. Different People have up with varying typologies in an attempt to understand the issue of terrorism. Lockinger categorises terrorism according to the players who are involved. Lockinger categorises terrorism based on the actors involved, means and methods used, motives as well as the geographical range (Schmid 2011: 173). In terms of geographical range, there can be either domestic or international terrorism (Schmid 2011: 173).Advertising Looking for dissertation on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Domestic terrorism is the kind of terrorism where the terrorism activities are conducted by the people from within the country. This is opposed to international terrorism where the perpetrators may be from a foreign country. In terms of the methods used, ter4rorism can be classified as suicide terrorism, Cyber terrorism, bio-terrorism, nuclear terrorism and chemical terrorism (Schmid 2011: 173). This study seeks to examine the conflicting issues on the best approach to handle the terrorism perpetrators. There are conflicting ideas on human rights concerning how the perpetrators should be treated from their judgement to their trial. In other words, the study will help in understanding better the issue of crime and its mitigation. Research Question Which differences results in determining the best approach to mitigate terrorism? In other words, this study seeks to examine the issues on human rights that arise from the intervention to combat terrorism. Literature Review Several studies have been done on the implication of the human rights on the terrorism activities. This literature seeks to identify the main contributions on the issue after which gaps on these studies will be identified. The literature reviewed will be useful in answering the research question. In the contemporary world, cases of terrorism have significantly increased. This has posed a great threat to the human rights. This is because the issue of terrorism raises critical human rights concern from both perspectives. There are critical human rights concerns to both the victims as well as the perpetrators of terrorism (Strossen 2003: 7). The concept of human rights can be traced back in 1948 through the Universal Declaration of the human rights (Zalman 2011: par 1). This involves both individual and collective human rights. This reveals the importance of observing the issues of human rights in the fight against terrorism. Transfer of Terrorist Suspects The transfer of individuals who are suspecte d for terrorist activities has significant implication on the human rights and international relations. The transfer if terror suspects can significantly affect international relations. For instance, the process in which the exercise is conducted may be seen to violate the basic human rights. It is necessary to have coordination between the countries involved to ensure that here is need for the terror suspects to be transferred in a more transparent way which is consistent with the human rights at both international and the national levels. According to the legal rights, detainees have the right to be notified about the reason for their detention and the offence they are charged for (Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human rights 2008: 825). They should also be allowed to access legal counsel. At the national level, the national authorities have the responsibility of ensuring that all the human rights and transfer or detention are in accordance with the internationa l law. In this case, the past studies have failed to compare the differences and the similarities on the various approaches applied by different countries to handle the case. For instance, Strossen (2003) carried out an intensive study on the views of many human right activists in mitigating terrorism (12). However, he did not make any attempt to compare the differing views on the rights if victims and terrorism perpetrators. ]This study seeks to fill such gaps. Several cases from the past have clearly demonstrated how the process of transporting terror suspects can raise critical human rights issues. One of these cases involved the transfer of Al Qaeda terrorist suspects from Bosnia to the United States. The suspects were perceived to have planned to bomb the U.S Embassy in Sarajevo (Naegele 2002). This led to protests as some believed that there was no enough evidence against the terrorists. Therefore, transferring them to the United States as terrorists was against their rights a s human beings. Some of the protestors also argued that the fight against terrorism was directed towards the Islam (Naegele 2002: par 4). Right to Security Through terrorism, innocent people suffer through the attack that leads to violation of their basic rights to live in security and peace. Therefore, these rights must also be considered in the process of prosecution. The perpetrators have the right not to pass through any kind of torture or any other form of treatment that degrades their dignity as members of the human family (Thomas 1999: 124). The suspects of the terrorist cases should remain innocent until they are proven guilty in the court. However, the previous studies have not addressed the security issues rising from the process of judgement. Kalhan et al discussed about arbitrary and non uniform enforcement of the measures against terrorism as one of the main causes of the controversy surrounding the fight against terrorism (Kalhan et al 2006: 174). He argued that there is a need for the government to consider impartiality while addressing the issue of terrorism. However, the study failed to come out clearly on the issue of security. Therefore, this raises a need to take a critical analysis in this field. According to Oberleitner (20003: 1), we live in a counter terrorism world and therefore there is a need to be prepared for terrorist attacks (1). In connection to this, it is argued that there is a need to limit human rights to some extent in an effort to combat terrorism. Oberleitner also noticed that the gap between the language of human rights and the language of the security a growing apart more and more (2003: 2). This study however does not cover the issue the rights to security arising from the issue of terrorism. Right against Torture In some cases, terror suspects are highly susceptible to torture. This has raised critical concerns on the issue of human rights. For instance, some people has been deported or expelled due to terror charges. When suspects of terror are suspended from their countries of origin, they are more likely to face ill treatment or torture (Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights 2008: 11). For instance, many terror suspects have been found to have been severely beaten and injured in order in an attempt to force them to give information. However, it may be perceived that there is no enough evidence from the suspect’s country. Torturing such individuals may therefore be considered as going against the basic human rights. Other Issues In the recent past, the cases of Al Qaeda attacks led to a declaration of the global war against terrorism (Blanchfield 2010: 56). This fight was intensified by the Al Qaeda attacks of September 11 which left very many people dead (Grunwald 2001: par 4). This declaration was characterized by employment of more rigorous measures to mitigate terrorism. These harsh measures that are aimed to curb terrorism activities have raised a concern on the issue of human rights. This is more so in the United States as well as the countries that have agreed to join hands in the fight against terrorism in the world. As a result of these issues of human rights, many counter terrorism campaigners have collided severally with the human rights organizations. During his administration, Bush took a tough stance on the war against terrorism. This made him to fall at loggerheads with the human right organizations. Many countries like United Kingdom, Australia and others has been accused of taking the chance of hampering civil liberties for some of the citizens (Golder and Williams 2006: 46). For instance, the European Union has been accused by the human rights organizations for putting suspects under illegal detention and taking the terrorist suspects in other countries where they undergo torture. This is despite the fact that this form of treatment is against the international declaration of the human rights which accords special recogn ition of every human being as the member of the human family though the declaration has no legal power (High Commissioner for Human Rights 3). Despite of this declaration, it was observed that majority of countries continued to threaten basic human rights (Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labour 2010: par 18). According to the Centre for Human Rights and Humanitarian law, many countries have been accused of taking the advantage of the September 11 to benefit from the use of terrorism prevention in other activities. For instance, some countries have been accused of using this opportunity to intensify their crackdown on the political opponents or religious groups (Alexander 2006: 24). For instance, political opponents may lay blames on each other to be associated with terrorism attacks. This may be purposely directed towards the opponent as a weapon against them. Many refugees and other foreigners have also undergone unnecessary suffering through the battle against terrorism. Acc ording to the information by the human right organizations some of the affected countries include China, Eritrea, Belarus, Russia, Australia, Israel, India, Liberia, Jordan, Kyrgyzstan, Syria, United States, Zimbabwe and Uzbekistan (Zalman 2011: par 6). In order to solve the issues arising from the efforts directed towards combating crime, the international law has prescriptions on the balance between the human rights and confrontation of terrorism. These prescriptions emphasizes on the need to respect the rights of both the terror victims and perpetrators. After the terrorism attacks of September 11, many countries focused on the fight against terrorism. Some of these officials included the former UN secretary general Kofi Annan (Yotopoulos et al 2004: 96). Following the intensification of the fight against terrorism, a number of human rights campaigners called upon the governments to ensure that all the measures taken to combat terrorism does not in one way or another interfere wi th human rights and fundamental freedoms (Yotopoulos 2004: 96). In an effort to combat terrorism, many people have attempted to convince that there is no conflict between the human rights activists and the government officials responsible in combating terrorism activities. However, the state officials have a major role to play in protecting the rights of both the victims as well as the possible target groups for terror attacks. The fight against terrorism has faced a big challenge from the human right activists (Goswami 2001: 58). One of the ways through which the state can ensure that it conforms to the basic human rights is by ensuring that they conduct their activities within the legal framework. In formulation of the policies to combat terrorism, the states must ensure that they act within the national and international legal framework. This is because neither of the two can lead to an effective solution when applied individually. For instance, there are some domestic terrorism crimes which are effectively solved domestically. This will require national legal guidance in order to coordinate the activities involved effectively. Terrorists’ human rights and its implication on the rights of victims The human rights organizations have in many cases differed with the counter terrorist campaigners on the way in which the issue of terrorism should be handled. These differences are based on the fact that the rectification of the vice should not in any way violate the basic rights of individuals as the part of the human family. On the other hand, the attempts made by the human rights organizations to protect the rights of the terrorist suspects is viewed as violating the human rights of the terrorist victims whose security, peace and life is threatened. The office of the United Nations High Commission of Human rights has however taken the issue optimistically arguing that the protection of the human rights acts as a supplement to the measures taken to combat terrorism rather than undermining its efficiency (Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights 2008: 66). This reveals one some of the issues that leads to a clash between human rights and the governments’ efforts to combat terrorism. Both sides seem to be in perpetual disagreements arising from their differences on the most appropriate approach. This raises a serious issue on the efforts towards the fight against crime. These views are differing and therefore there decisions may take a very long duration in coming up with the most appropriate measures to apply in the fight against terrorism. Measures taken to curb terrorism and its implications on human rights Over the past years, there have been a number of different measures that have been applied in fighting terrorism. The first anti-terrorism legislation was the ordinance No. 33 of 5708 which was passed in 1948 by Israel (Legalsutra 2011: par 26). Many people have proposed different ways through which the issue of terrorism can best be solved. However, the issue of the best method through which this matter should be handled still remains controversial. â€Å"When we see that the struggle for human rights in all the world is the surest and best means to prevent and to punish terrorism properly so-called, we then understand what progress we have made, and we will see where we need to go from here† (Tigar 2011: par 19). Tigar emphasized on the need to have a critical consideration of the issue of terrorism from the global perspective, consider its implications on the human rights in order to make the most effective decisions on the way forward regarding the issue. A critical examination of the issue will help in solving the dilemma on how the terrorists should be sanctioned within the human rights’ framework. As already noted, the war against terrorism has been faced by many controversies. For instance, the approach taken on the war against terrorism is perceived in a negative manner by most Muslims all over the world. This is because they view the action as a threat towards their community and their religion and therefore threatening their rights to worship as human beings. Furthermore it is seen as torture for the human Muslims. Muslim societies in Christian- dominated parts of the world still feel that they are not treated equally (as the Christians) due to their practices of religion and faith. In other words, the actions taken to counter terrorism are viewed to violate the rights of the Muslims as human beings. This aspect hinders the success of the war against terrorism since some communities may not cooperate mainly because they feel they are being undermined (Blanchfield 2010: 16). In the process of combating terrorism action, there is threat assessment based on current data and information, and then the criticality and vulnerability assessment is done based on the threat assessment. Prevention measures in terms of personal and physical security, awareness creation and training is then done. Authority and jurisdiction are exercised and there is also crisis management planning and execution (Jenkins 2002: 17). These practices are aimed at bringing awareness to the public on the issue of terrorism. This helps in overcoming any misconceptions. After the September 11 attack, there were stringent measures which were taken by the member states of the UN. Strict measures were adopted to mitigate terrorism which was targeted on the individuals who were in any way involved or supported terrorism in the country (Skinnider 2011: 5). This was judged from all forms of terrorism manifestations. In connection to this, the member states were expected to report to the Counter Terrorism Committee all the measures they have implemented to combat terrorism (Skinnider 2011: 5). Soon after these measures were adopted, the concerns about the human rights were raised. Tension rose after the adoption of these measures over the respect for the human rights. The major problem was that the Counter Terrorism Committee rarely took into consideration the issue of human rights while giving directions to the member states to have stringent measures to curb terrorism in the world (Council of Europe Committee of Ministers 2005: 46). This is despite the fact that the High Commissioner for Human rights standards had proposed election of human right experts in the processes in order to ensure that human rights were not violated in the effort to fight terrorism. This implies that core security concerns can lead to violation of human rights. After the September 11 terrorism attack, the issue of the balance between security and the respect for the human rights raised serious concern. Leonard (not dated: par 7) observed that human rights cannot be respected if the security is threatened. There was therefore a big concern by the international human rights committee to marry the two. For instance, the bombing which took place in the la te 1998 after which several terrorist attacks followed led to the loss of many lives (Jakarta par 2011: 4). In such a case, there is a need to consider the safety of the nationals. More concerns were raised after the comment made by the Chairman of Counter Terrorism Committee that the issue of human rights was outside the mandate of the committee (Tsang 2008: 45). This triggered the action by the human rights organizations to rise to push for the consideration of the human rights in the fight against terrorism. In connection to this, the Security Council resolution 1456 emphasized on the responsibilities under the international law for the States to ensure that they comply with the international human rights, humanitarian and refugee law in the measures taken to mitigate terrorism in the world (Great Britain: Parliament Joint Committee on Human Rights 2008: 45). This case illustrates that it is difficult to combat terrorism activities without raising issues of human rights. The main concern is on how to optimizer on the two cases. That is, combating terror while minimizing violation of basic human rights in the process. Later, the General Assembly took another action where another resolution, which promoted the protection of the human rights and important freedoms in the fight against terrorism. In order to ensure that this was met, the High Commissioner for Human Rights was assigned with the responsibility of ensuring that human rights are protected in formulation and implementation of the counter terrorism measures. The commissioner was also responsible for giving recommendations to the United Nations and the governments on the necessary measures necessary in protection of the human rights. Therefore, the Committee members of the human rights provided the necessary guidelines to be considered in order to promote human rights in the battle against terror. From that point, the United Nations human rights bodies continued to monitor closely the implications of the measures adopted to combat terrorism on the human rights (Paul 2004: 940). According to Roger (2005), the fight against terrorism has made immigrants more susceptible to mistreatment (par 6). Some of the issues which were closely considered by the human rights committee included elimination of torture, racial discrimination and any possible activities which threatens the human rights. Other non-governmental organizations has recently joined in an effort to ensure continued scrutiny on continued observation of the law The response to the terrorism activities at the national level has also been similar to the approach at the international level. It has been characterized by contradiction over the human rights concerns raised in the battle against terrorism. Over the past, many states have been responding to the issue of terrorism in their own ways. Many countries have their own regulations which guide how they handle terrorism cases. However, these regulations were revised followi ng the September 11 incident which called for intensification of the security measures employed to counter terrorism. According to Odello and Cavandoli (2011: 148), the measures that had been applied earlier were not sufficient to solve the problem of terrorism in the contemporary world. This is the reason why the terrorist groups managed to strike America on September 11 leaving hundreds of people dead. There is therefore a need to revise these methods in order to increase their effectiveness. This will help in harmonizing the differences between the human rights and the efforts employed in the fight against crime. Although many states had earlier employed several measures to combat terrorism, these measures proved futile after September 11. This is because the laws that were directed to probe and arraign terrorists in court were no longer satisfactory (Bassiouni 1988: 110). For instance, there was need to intensify the measures which could help in preventing the crime from happeni ng. Although several countries had been applying terrorism prevention measures, these measures were not sufficient to combat terrorism which has been intensifying each and every day (Council of Europe 2002: 123). The preventive measures in this case were of great importance as they promoted the effectiveness of the counter terrorism laws. The report published by Inter-American Commission on Human Rights however insisted on the need to have vigilant investigation in order to promote fair judgment (Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 2002: par 1). Following the September 11 Attack, several countries revised their definition of crime. Before the incident, this was only prevalent in the countries that were at a higher risk of national terrorism (Shattuck 2003: 185). However, various countries have been applying the terms involving detention, prosecution and punishment of the terrorism suspects in varying degree (Baskaran 2003: 40). State of Emergency In most cases, the state of em ergency powers has been usually applied severally to justify application of certain measures which could be considered to be against the human rights. In the state of emergence, a state is justified to apply severe measures for the sake of national security. However, the human right organizations has been arguing that this freedom has been misused as an excuse to apply measures that violates State’s treaty obligations (Saul 2006: 86). These obligations required the states to ensure that they consider human rights in taking counter terrorism measures from the level of investigation to the punishment of terrorism suspects. However, it is important to note that the international human rights law recognizes the fact that states sometimes face some cases of emergency where they may face violent conflicts and other major problems which may pose a great threat to the nation (Burton and Shapiro 2010: 417). For instance, the cases of terrorism have recently increased significantly and therefore there may be the need to have emergency cases (Greenberg 2005: 45). The human rights laws have clearly defined the acceptable measures which are applicable in this situation in an attempt to balance the national security and the human rights. However, the human rights committee has helped in formation of the boundaries which has attempted to balance the measures applied in different states and the respective national security concerns (Kà ¤lin and Kà ¼nzli 2009: 89). In other words, the human rights laws have attempted to marry both the national security and the human rights in order to come up with the most effective laws to deal with the situation (Santow and Williams 2011: 3). For instance, some of the specifications in several human rights treaties had agreed with some of the measures that required a short term suspension of some rights in case there is high security threat from a terrorism attack (Lynch, MacDonald and Williams 2007: 134). Some of the states which h ave declared the state of emergency include the United Kingdom where it was rendered the right to apply exceptional measures for the sake of national security (Great Britain Parliament 2005: 35). Limitations of the Literature Reviewed (Gaps in the past studies) From the literature review, several gaps can be identified from the several researches done on the topic. However, there has been very little attempt made to investigate on the feasibility of the international measures against terrorism with the human rights requirements. The previous literature has also not provided adequate data to support the research findings. For instance, the past studies have failed to support its claims on the terror perpetrators whose rights have been violated. It has also failed to provide any data on torture cases. Such information is important in supporting the proposed claims. This study seeks to fill this gap by addressing the feasibility of the international counter terrorism measures with the human rights requirement. The main theme of the study is the differences on the best approach towards the fight against terror. Methodology Subjects for the Study This study will be based on the global perspective in the human rights and the war against terrorism. International data will therefore be necessary in this case. The main people who will provide important information in this study will be officials who are involved in the issue both from human rights organizations as well as from counter terrorism government officials. These leaders will be helpful in provision of the necessary information which will help in understanding the issue of combating terrorism and its implication on human rights. The government officials will also be significant in providing the necessary information in this study. Some of the common citizens will also help in provision of necessary information. These people will be helpful in providing the necessary information that will play a pivotal role in answering the research question. They will also help in understanding the issues surrounding the counter terrorism practices and its implications on the human rights. Information will be collected from the respondent through structured questionnaires. This will be emailed to the respondents who will be expected to send the filled questionnaire back within two weeks. Close contact will be maintained with the respondents to clarify any issues concerning the questionnaire. This method will be applied in collecting information which will play a significant role in making the final conclusions. Conclusion In conclusion this study will be very useful in helping the policy makers in understanding the balance between the human rights and counterterrorism activities. It will provide the necessary understanding of the main areas which leads to differences between the human rights organizations and the counter terrorism government officials. From the above discussion, it is clear that the iss ue of terrorism has brought a major concern on the issue of anti terrorism measures employed across the world and its implications on human rights. Therefore, there is need to adopt more democratic measures which take into account basic human rights. This will lead to an effective war against terrorism hence promoting both national and international security. Works Cited Alexander, Yonah. Counterterrorism Strategies: Successes and Failures of Six Nations. U.S.A.: Potomac Books, Inc., 2006. Antonio, Pablo and Sà ¡nchez, Fernà ¡ndez. International Legal Dimension of Terrorism, Volume 2006. Netherlands.: Brill, 2009. Australian Human Rights Commission. â€Å"Counter-Terrorism and Human Rights.† Hreoc, 30th Jul. 2011. 30th Jul. 2011. http://www.hreoc.gov.au/human_rights/counter_terrorism/index.html Baskaran, William. Terrorism and Non-violent Responses. Gandhi Marg, Vol. 252003. pp 40.  Bassiouni, Cherif. Legal Responses to International Terrorism: U.S. Procedural Aspects. Ne therlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1988. Blanchfield, Luisa. United Nations Human Rights Council: Issues for Congress. New York: Diane Publishing, 2010. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labour. â€Å"Introduction to the 2010 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices. â€Å"state.gov, 2011. 30th Jul. 2011. http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/frontmatter/154329.htm Burton, Emilie and Shapiro, Jacob. Tortured Relations: Human Rights Abuses and Counterterrorism Cooperation. The Journal of Politics. Quarterly. Volume 72, 2010.pp 415-pp419. Christopher, Blanchard. Al Qaeda: Statements and Evolving Ideology. USA: Diane Publishing, 2010 Council of Europe. Guidelines On Human Rights And The Fight Against Terrorism: Adopted By The Committee Of Ministers On 11 July 2002 At The 804th Meeting Of The Ministers Ì“Deputies. Europe: Council of Europe, 2002. Council of Europe Committee of Ministers. Human Rights and the Fight against Terrorism: The Council of Europe Guidelines. C ouncil of Europe, 2005. Gani, Miriam and Mathew, Penelope. Fresh Perspectives on the ‘War on Terror. Australia: ANU E Press, 2008. Golder, Ben and Williams, George. Balancing National Security and Human Rights: Assessing the Legal Response of Common Law Nations to the Threat of Terrorism.Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, Vol. 8, No. 1, 43 – 62, March 2006. Goswami, Arnab. Combating Terrorism; The legal Challenge. New Delhi: Rupa, 2001. Great Britain. Parliament: Joint Committee on Human Rights. New York: The Stationery Office, 2008. Great Britain: Parliament Joint Committee on Human Rights. Counter-terrorism Policy and Human Rights: Report and formal minutes. London: The Stationery Office, 2005. Greenberg, Karen. Al Qaeda Now: Understanding Today’s Terrorists. USA: Cambridge University Press, 2005 Grunwald, Michael. ‘‘Terrorists Hijack 4 Airliners, Destroy World Trade Centre, Hit Pentagon; Hundreds Dead.’’ The Washington Post. 12 S eptember 2001.pp1. 30th Jul. 2011. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp- dyn/content/article/2001/09/12/AR2005033107980.html High Commissioner for Human Rights. â€Å"Universal Declaration of Human Rights United Nations.† Donegallpass, 17 Oct. 2011. http://donegallpass.org/UNIVERSAL_DECLARATION_OF_HUMAN_RIGHTS.pdf International Council on Human Rights Policy. â€Å"Human Rights after September 11.† Ichrp, 2002. 30th Jul. 2011. http://www.ichrp.org/files/reports/29/118_report_en.pdf Jakarta, Muladi. â€Å"Extraordinary strategy against terrorism and human rights.† The Jakarta post, July 2011. 30th Jul. 2011. http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/07/21/extraordinary-strategy-against-terrorism-and-human-rights.html Kà ¤lin, Walter and Kà ¼nzli, Jà ¶rg. The Law of International Human Rights Protection. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. Kalhan et al., 2006. Colonial continuities: human Rights, terrorism, and security Laws in India. Columbia Journal of Asian L aw. pp. 93-235 Legalsutra. â€Å"Terrorism.† Legal sutra, 2002. 30th Jul. 2011. http://legalsutra.org/1716/terrorism/ Leonard, Dick. â€Å"Counter-terrorism and Human Rights – is the EU on The Right Course?† fpc, 30th Jul. 2011. http://fpc.org.uk/fsblob/517.pdf Lynch Andrew, MacDonald Edwina Williams George. Law and Liberty in the War on Terror. New York: Federation Press. 2007. Marangopoulos, Alice Yotopoulos et al. Anti-terrorist Measures and Human Rights. New York: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2004. Michael, Jenkins. Countering Al Qaeda: an Appreciation of the Situation and Suggestions for Strategy. California: Rand Corporation, 2002 Naegele, Jolyon. â€Å"Bosnia: Transfer of Terrorist Suspects To U.S. Raises Many Questions.† Rferl, 2002. 17th Oct. 2011. http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1098541.html Oberleitner, Gerd. â€Å"Human rights and security – The Two Towers?† 2003. 17th Oct. 2011. https://www.google.com/url?sa=tsource=webcd= 3ved=0CDsQFjACurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.lse.ac.uk%2FhumanRights%2FarticlesAndTranscripts%2FSecurity_and_human_rights.pdfrct=jq=Right%20to%20Security%2C%20terrorists%2C%20pdfei=4CecTuHCD46M4gTkguG7BAusg=AFQjCNGeuTjDTuzeFSn5Q_ZzjeaFJW0OJAcad=rja Odello Marco and Cavandoli Sofia. Emerging Areas of Human Rights in the 21st Century: The Role of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. New York: Taylor Francis, 2011. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Human Rights, Terrorism and Counter terrorism. Fact Sheet No. 32. ISSN 1014-5567GE.08-41872–July 2008–7,820 Paul, Hoffman. Human Rights and Terrorism. Human Rights Quarterly – Vol. 26, No. 4, 2004, pp. 932-955. Roge, David. â€Å"Human Rights and Terrorism.† Prospect magazine, 2005. 30th Jul. 2011. http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/2005/09/humanrightsandterrorism Santow Edward and Williams George. â€Å"Terrorism Threat Assessments: A gap in the rule of Law?† juridicas, 30th Jul . 2011. http://www.juridicas.unam.mx/wccl/ponencias/6/109.pdf Saul, Ben. Defining Terrorism in International Law. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. Schmid, Alex. The Routledge Handbook of Terrorism Research. New York: Taylor Francis, 2011. Shattuck, John. Religion, Rights and Terrorism. Harvard Human Rights Journal, Vol. 16, (2003). Skinnider, Eileen. â€Å"Counter-Terrorism Measures and the Impact on International Human Rights Standards in the Field of Criminal Justice.† Icclr, 2004. 30th Jul. 2011. http://www.icclr.law.ubc.ca/Publications/Reports/Counter%20terrorism%20measures.pdf Strossen, Nadine. Maintaining Human Rights in a time of Terrorism. New York Lay School Journal of Human Rights, Vol. 19. 2003. Thomas K. Human Rights, Terrorism and Policing in India. New Delhi: Indian Social Institute, 1999. Tigar, Michael. â€Å"Terrorism and Human Rights.† About.com, 30th Jul. 2011. http://terrorism.about.com/gi/o.htm?zi=1/XJzTi=1sdn=terrorismcdn=newsissuestm=239 96f=20tt=2bt=1bts=1zu=http%3A//www.monthlyreview.org/1101tigar.htm Tsang, Steve. Intelligence and Human Rights in the Era of Global Terrorism. U.S.A.: Stanford University Press, 2008. Weinberg Leonard. Democratic Responses to Terrorism. New York: Taylor Francis, 2008. Zalman, Amy. â€Å"Human Rights Terrorism: An Overview.† About.com, 2011. 30th Jul. 2011. http://terrorism.about.com/od/humanrights/a/Human_Rights.htm This dissertation on The Effect of Terrorism on Human Rights: The Clash between the human rights advocates and victims of terrorism was written and submitted by user Bella M. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Richter Surname Meaning and Family History

Richter Surname Meaning and Family History The Richter surname means one who was  Lords administrator of a village,  an occupational surname derived  from the Middle High German rihtà ¦re, meaning judge, in turn  derived from the Middle High German rihten, meaning to make right. This term was frequently used in eastern Germany, where the surname is still most common today, to indicate the head of a village, often a hereditary position.   RICHTER  is the 14th most common German surname. Surname Origin:  German, Czech Alternate Surname Spellings:  RYCHTR, RYCHTAR, RECTOR Famous People with the Surname Richter Charles Francis Richter -  American seismologist and physicist; inventor of the Richter magnitude scaleAdrian Ludwig Richter - German artistAugust Gottlieb Richter  - German surgeonBurton Richter - Nobel Prize-winning American physicistFranz Xaver Richter - Czech composerJeremias Benjamin Richter  - German chemist; developer of stoichiometry theoryJohan Richter  -  Norwegian-Swedish  engineer and industrialistGerhard Richter - German painter Where the Richter  Surname Is Most Common The Richter surname today is most prevalent in Germany, according  to surname distribution from  Forebears, where it ranks as the 12th  most common surname in the country. It is also fairly common in Austria, where it ranks 63rd. According to  WorldNames PublicProfiler, Richter is extremely common in northeastern Germany, especially in Sachsen, but also in Brandenburg, Sachsen-Anhalt and Berlin.  Data from Verwandt.de agrees, indicating that the largest number of people with the Richter surname in Germany live in  Berlin, followed by Dresden, Leipzig, Hamburg, Munich, Chemnitz, Region Hannover, Elbe-Eister, Schsische Schweiz  and Freiberg. Genealogy Resources for the Surname RICHTER German Surnames - Meanings and Origins: Uncover the meaning of your German last name with this guide to the origins of German surnames and the meanings of the top 50 most common  German surnames.How to Research German Ancestry: Learn how to trace your German roots back to the old country step by step, from locating your ancestors German hometown to accessing records in Germany.Richter  Family Crest - Its Not What You Think: Contrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Richter  family crest or coat of arms for the Richter surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male-line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted.Richter  Family Genealogy Forum: Search this popular genealogy forum for the Richter  surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Richter query.FamilySearch - RICHTER  Genealogy: Explore over 11  milli on results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Richter surname on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. RICHTER  Surname Family Mailing Lists: RootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Richter  surname.DistantCousin.com - RICHTER  Genealogy Family History: Explore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Richter.GeneaNet - Richter  Records: GeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Richter  surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries.The Richter  Genealogy and Family Tree Page: Browse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Richter  surname from the website of Genealogy Today.- References Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998.Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997.Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997

Love Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Love - Term Paper Example It wasn’t the love that I thought it would be. At that point I realized that they were talking about artistic love. The love that an artist holds for what he sees and feels like capturing the moment using his abilities, no matter how he does it. â€Å"It has been said that art is a tryst, for in the joy of it maker and beholder meet.† Kojiro Tomita. And at the same point I was forced to think of Eros as a materialistic lover. What if he loved what was on the outside and not on the inside. And there I thought of him as selfish. Because I feel that outer beauty has nothing to do with what is inside. It is just like loving a thing because it is a pleasure to the eye, a luxury and nothing more, just like love for materialistic things. â€Å"Contentment is natural wealth, luxury is artificial beauty.† Socrates. I read further then and when I read that Eros is neither a god nor a man, he is not mortal and neither immortal but a ‘half-way spirit’, one sugge stion came to my mind, ‘maybe he is an angel’. ... These were to define Eros. Eros as an angel must have loved something else entirely. And I realized I had got it all wrong. Reading further I found out the Eros was the son of gods of craft and poverty which must mean that he knew both the states of having everything you wanted and then losing everything you had. He must not have experienced the feelings in between and when I moved on further it was revealed. The writing showed exactly what I had thought. Eros was stuck in between ignorance and wisdom. And wisdom is to know better. Being the definition of love for beauty, at a personal level, Eros loved beauty too. In an entirely different way, he had love for wisdom, love for knowledge that would enable him to see things in a beautiful manner. â€Å"The cave you fear to enter holds the treasures you seek.† Joseph Campbell. Moving forward, the text was defining Eros as we like to use it. Eros or love can be on two different levels, spiritual love or physical love. The images I had in mind when reading this were really different from each other. The first one held a bright light to it, hard to tell of what but maybe of spirituality, of connecting or dedicating yourself to the higher powers. The second one gave me an image of affection; two people, loving each other, holding each other in their arms. And the text mentioned that physical love resulted as mortal children and at that point I got to thinking that spiritual love is not only the love for higher powers or amidst. What do we call the love we hold for elders, our parents or siblings? And the text made me realize that such love was also a form of spiritual love. â€Å"Darkness cannot drive out darkness only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate only love can do that.† Martin

History - The Mongol Empire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

History - The Mongol Empire - Essay Example Some of the key features brought to the human thinking by this impressive empire include the intercontinental long distance trade, united people that formed different distinguished nations, change the way leadership, specifically military leadership, was thought to be, and fanatically developed new norms for the historians. The historians remember the Mongol Empire as the largest contiguous kingdom mankind has ever witnessed. The best spectator of this empire was the area of Eurasia, distinctly at the 13th and the 14th century. But the overall ruler ship of Mongols throughout the world is like the golden pages of history books. 2 Brief History The Mongolian empire was a federation of different tribes of Central Asia. The evolution of this empire was a slow and steady process that began when the Turkish and Mongolian tribes sat together for mutual interests. The first renowned of them was Temujin (1165-1227). He was a charming and fascinating leader and was the heir to Toghril Khan, s upreme leader of the Kereits. The â€Å"Kereits† tribe was the most prominent and populous tribe among the Mongols. The idea of leadership that Temujin possessed was genetically adopted from his father. Soon after he came into limelight, sections of people emerged that were jealous from Temujin. This jealousy ended into a clash in 1203 from which Temujin was left victorious and he gained control of the entire area of Mongolia. 3 Temujin modified the concept of the people residing in this tribal land, unifying each one into a single umbrella of â€Å"Khamag Mongol Ulus†, the ultimate and the all powerful Mongol State. He dissolved the tribes and formulated them as they could be used in the military wings. He introduced the use of decimal systems for assembling his militia. Discipline was mandatory for the armed forces and a strong code of conduct was introduced by him. By 1204 he had defeated all who stood against him. By 1206, through his outstanding military and leade rship skills, he was assigned the title of Chingis Khan (Genghis Khan), which means a robust and firm person and a remarkable leader. 4 The rise of the Empire At the beginning of the 12th century AD, the huge grasslands of Mongolia were resided by Turkish and Mongol-Tung sic tribes, Mongolian tribe being the most populous and the creative one. In 1130 the Mongols entered the regions that are now part of the People’s Republic of China, defeating the powerful Jin Empire and indulged their area of control. 5 The history of the Empire started from 1218, when an interesting event shaped the empire and more particularly the life of Genghis Khan, from a nomadic person to the conqueror of the world. A trade convoy starting their travel from the Mongol lands, heading towards the Persian area that now lay in modern Uzbekistan, was stopped unexpectedly by the Persian State Ruler. The ruler suspected that the caravan was one of the Mongolian spies, so he mutilated the men, raped women an d seized all the goods that the group was carrying with them. The doubt was not something out of the world; in fact the Mongols were very intelligent people at gathering information from around the world that benefited them. At the Mongolian side, this was a strict violation of the peace treaty that assured that the trade caravans will be safe from any

Tax avoidance; a debate easily resolved Assignment

Tax avoidance; a debate easily resolved - Assignment Example According to, European Commission: Consultation on Double Non-Taxation Cases. (2012, May 1), tax avoidance is an approach where individuals use the legally provided tax policies to reduce the burden of taxation on them. In as much as such act is legal we will find that morally it is repugnant. In addition, the UK law tries as much as possible to minimize the loopholes that individuals are likely to use in tax avoidance schemes. The challenge though has been the sheer fact that the UK tax law is targeted as opposed to being purposive. There has been a consistent crop up of schemes that go around the law and these have further fueled legislative action. It is in record that so many commentators have advocated for the formulation of legislations to counter tax avoidance in general. This has been fueled by the fact that the establishment of the GAARs would ensure that efforts by the public to avoid taxation are thwarted (Freedman 2004). This further ensures that the taxpayer and the lawm akers divert their energies and efforts to other more productive activities. The tax authority is as well given the chance of being in the position of simplifying the law without being undermined. Among many other things, tax avoidance has been viewed to as well be an ethical issue in business. Companies have been found to seek for the minimization of their tax liabilities as a part of good governance through tax planning. They do so by making use and exploiting all the tools made available to them by the governments of the day (Sikka 2013). Such tools include allowances given, deductions advanced, and rebates. While tax planning is an open, convenient and compliant behavior, tax avoidance is a complex issue for most companies in the UK. Tax avoidance is a legitimate and it is the use of tools such as financial instruments to achieve tax desires that are favorable to the taxpayer while unanticipated by the government. Companies can employ the use of overseas

An Overview Of Tattoos And Piercings Sociology Essay

An Overview Of Tattoos And Piercings Sociology Essay Tattoos and piercings have been used for thousands of years to show personal expression, beliefs, dedication, devotion, regret, and desires. Tattoo is defined by the Webster dictionary as an â€Å"indelible mark or figure fixed upon the body by insertion of pigment under the skin or by production of scars† and piercing as â€Å"a piece of jewelry (as a ring or stud) that is attached to pierced flesh†. Tattoos and piercings have been used for thousands of years dating back to the Bronze Age. According to DIG magazine, â€Å"Some of the oldest tattoo marks ever found are on Otzi, the Iceman, the frozen mummy dating to around 3300 B.C. that was found in the Tyrolean Alps.† Otzi had 58 tattoos and it is generally believed they were for medicinal purposes. These tattoos were simple using dots and lines and places near joints possibly to provide relief associated with arthritis. The history of piercings is not as clearly documented as tattoos but date back to ancient t imes. Piercings were once reserved for women and cross-gender acceptance began in the early 1900s. Infections are common with both tattoos and piercings. An individuals should take extreme care when deciding where to get one on their body, which facility to perform the procedure, and post procedure practices to help reduce the risk of infections. Tattoo and piercing facilities should be researched to find the ones that use the best practices. Are the instruments sterilized before each piercing and are new needles used for every tattoo? If a facility says no to any of these items, it may not be a reputable shop, and one should keep looking. Not using sterile equipment and having a clean environment to receive a tattoo or piercing can lead to a number of infections. According to (Hamodat Hutchinson, 2007), a 17 year old girl died from infection after by getting her nipple pierced by a friend. This young woman developed Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome (TSS) after receiving this piercing. Despite receiving medical care for this infection, she died two weeks after the piercing. De spite locating a clean facility to receive a tattoo or piercing, skin infections, bacterial infections, and allergies still occur. Individuals should adhere to the prescribed methods for caring for this new body modification. Whether deciding to get a tattoo or piercing through a carefully thought-out plan or impulsive decision, one should consider the possible diseases that can be transmitted through the procedure. According to the Center for Disease Control â€Å"hepatitis C can be transmitted through contaminated devices used for tattoos, body piercing† (Davies, 2005, p. D.1). One of the most popular examples of a person contracting hepatitis C from a tattoo is Pamela Anderson. Pamela Anderson contracted hepatitis C from sharing a needle used to get a tattoo with her Tommy Lee. Additional blood-borne diseases that can be transmitted through having a tattoo or piercing include hepatitis B, HIV, and tetanus. These diseases can have life-threatening consequences up to and including death. Listed in the chart below are the definitions of each of these diseases according to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention website (2009). †¢ Hepatitis B is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It ranges in severity from a mild illness, lasting a few weeks (acute), to a serious long-term (chronic) illness that can lead to liver disease or liver cancer. †¢ Hepatitis C is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). HCV infection sometimes results in an acute illness, but most often becomes a chronic condition that can lead to cirrhosis of the liver and liver cancer. †¢ HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is the virus that causes AIDS. This virus may be passed from one person to another when infected blood, semen, or vaginal secretions come in contact with an uninfected persons broken skin or mucous membranes*. In addition, infected pregnant women can pass HIV to their baby during pregnancy or delivery, as well as through breast-feeding. People with HIV have what is called HIV infection. Some of these people will develop AIDS as a result of their HIV infection. †¢ Tetanus (lockjaw) is a serious disease that causes painful tightening of the muscles, usually all over the body. It can lead to locking of the jaw so the victim cannot open his mouth or swallow. Tetanus leads to death in about 1 in 10 cases. Beyond the risk of infection and disease, there exists a negative association with tattoos and piercings in society. Future employers tend to look negatively on individuals with visible tattoos and piercings. Companies such as retail and sales want to present a clean image to their potential and existing customers and having visible tattoos and piercings is not what they want from their employees. Companies that require business casual or professional attire from their employees do not want the distractions that come with tattoos and piercings. In the â€Å"Your Chatter† section (2005), Crains Cleveland Business asked several senior executives whether they would hire someone with tattoos and or piercings. Their findings reveal that employers think that people with body modification are less professional, skilled, and intelligent because of partaking in this risky expression of oneself when compared to people without them, regardless of qualifications. While employed, displays of body art can also have undesired results. Job advancement and promotions can be hindered because the majority of managers find it easier to advance employees that have the traditional appearance. Tattoos and piercings have been used for thousands of years to show personal expression, beliefs, dedication, devotion, regret, and desires. Tattoo is defined by the Webster dictionary as an â€Å"indelible mark or figure fixed upon the body by insertion of pigment under the skin or by production of scars† and piercing as â€Å"a piece of jewelry (as a ring or stud) that is attached to pierced flesh†. Tattoos and piercings have been used for thousands of years dating back to the Bronze Age. According to DIG magazine, â€Å"Some of the oldest tattoo marks ever found are on Otzi, the Iceman, the frozen mummy dating to around 3300 B.C. that was found in the Tyrolean Alps.† Otzi had 58 tattoos and it is generally believed they were for medicinal purposes. These tattoos were simple using dots and lines and places near joints possibly to provide relief associated with arthritis. The history of piercings is not as clearly documented as tattoos but date back to ancient times. Piercings were once reserved for women and cross- gender acceptance began in the early 1900s. Infections are common with both tattoos and piercings. An individuals should take extreme care when deciding where to get one on their body, which facility to perform the procedure, and post procedure practices to help reduce the risk of infections. Tattoo and piercing facilities should be researched to find the ones that use the best practices. Are the instruments sterilized before each piercing and are new needles used for every tattoo? If a facility says no to any of these items, it may not be a reputable shop, and one should keep looking. Not using sterile equipment and having a clean environment to receive a tattoo or piercing can lead to a number of infections. According to (Hamodat Hutchinson, 2007), a 17 year old girl died from infection after by getting her nipple pierced by a friend. This young woman developed Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome (TSS) after receiving this piercing. Despite receiving medical care for this infection, she died two weeks after the piercing. Despite locating a clean facility to receive a tattoo or piercing, skin infections, bacterial infections, and allergies still occur. Individuals should adhere to the prescribed methods for caring for this new body modification. Whether deciding to get a tattoo or piercing through a carefully thought-out plan or impulsive decision, one should consider the possible diseases that can be transmitted through the procedure. According to the Center for Disease Control â€Å"hepatitis C can be transmitted through contaminated devices used for tattoos, body piercing† (Davies, 2005, p. D.1). One of the most popular examples of a person contracting hepatitis C from a tattoo is Pamela Anderson. Pamela Anderson contracted hepatitis C from sharing a needle used to get a tattoo with her Tommy Lee. Additional blood-borne diseases that can be transmitted through having a tattoo or piercing include hepatitis B, HIV, and tetanus. These diseases can have life-threatening consequences up to and including death. Listed in the chart below are the definitions of each of these diseases according to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention website (2009). †¢ Hepatitis B is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It ranges in severity from a mild illness, lasting a few weeks (acute), to a serious long-term (chronic) illness that can lead to liver disease or liver cancer. †¢ Hepatitis C is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). HCV infection sometimes results in an acute illness, but most often becomes a chronic condition that can lead to cirrhosis of the liver and liver cancer. †¢ HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is the virus that causes AIDS. This virus may be passed from one person to another when infected blood, semen, or vaginal secretions come in contact with an uninfected persons broken skin or mucous membranes*. In addition, infected pregnant women can pass HIV to their baby during pregnancy or delivery, as well as through breast-feeding. People with HIV have what is called HIV infection. Some of these people will develop AIDS as a result of their HIV infection. †¢ Tetanus (lockjaw) is a serious disease that causes painful tightening of the muscles, usually all over the body. It can lead to locking of the jaw so the victim cannot open his mouth or swallow. Tetanus leads to death in about 1 in 10 cases. Beyond the risk of infection and disease, there exists a negative association with tattoos and piercings in society. Future employers tend to look negatively on individuals with visible tattoos and piercings. Companies such as retail and sales want to present a clean image to their potential and existing customers and having visible tattoos and piercings is not what they want from their employees. Companies that require business casual or professional attire from their employees do not want the distractions that come with tattoos and piercings. In the â€Å"Your Chatter† section (2005), Crains Cleveland Business asked several senior executives whether they would hire someone with tattoos and or piercings. Their findings reveal that employers think that people with body modification are less professional, skilled, and intelligent because of partaking in this risky expression of oneself when compared to people without them, regardless of qualifications. While employed, displays of body art can also have undesired results. Job advancement and promotions can be hindered because the majority of managers find it easier to advance employees that have the traditional appearance.

Hamlet Analysis :: essays research papers

In Act 1 Scene 5 of Shakespeare’s Hamlet, the ghost of King Hamlet can be portrayed as either, a harsh, mean, and demanding father or a caring, nice, and understanding dad. This depends on how you manipulate the lighting, actions, which includes speech, and other special effects. By manipulating the lighting on the ghost of King Hamlet, he can be presented as either a demanding and harsh father or a caring and understanding dad. To present the ghost as a demanding and harsh father you could use a bright red light shining on him. Using a red light would portray him as evil because the color red is associated with such things as fire and hell, both which have negative connotations. For example, at the beginning of the scene a single red light can shine down on the ghost from behind casting a dark shadow onto Hamlet. When the ghost says, “Revenge his foul and most unnatural murder.'; The single light from behind could move to directly over the ghost casting a shadow onto his face to make him look even more menacing. Also, lights all over the stage would begin at a low red glow and slowly rise to a bright red engulfing the whole stage when the ghost finishes off the quote saying, “murder';. If you manipulate the light in another way the ghost can be p resented as a caring father. By using a white or a blue light would portray him as good because the colors of white and blue are connected with things such as heaven and angels, both of which have good connotations. For example, when showing the ghost, a white light could be coming at him from all angles, following wherever he goes. When the ghost of King Hamlet says, “Taint not thy mind…aught.'; A white light could be coming from under the stage shining up onto the ghost, and also from all other angles. This would cause the ghost to shine brightly from the light bouncing off his armor. Saying this quote while having white light surround him would further portray him as caring. This is because he is telling Hamlet not to harm, or even think of harming his mother. Not only does lighting show how the ghost of King Hamlet can be portrayed in two different ways, but it can also be displayed by his actions and speech.